Open habitats / urban edges / forest fringes Opportunistic carnivore and scavenger; feeds on small vertebrates, insects, carrion, and scraps. Builds a large stick nest in tall trees. Often soars in groups; very common around human settlements.

Farmlands / grasslands / open scrub Small raptor; feeds mainly on rodents, small birds, and insects. Nests on isolated trees, constructing a small stick nest. Often seen hovering (“kiting”) while hunting

Dense forests / moist deciduous forests Powerful predator; feeds on birds, reptiles, and small mammals. Builds a large stick nest high in tall forest trees. Solitary; known for its loud calls and bold crest.

Forests / wooded areas / gardens Insectivore; feeds on caterpillars, especially hairy ones avoided by other birds. A brood parasite that lays eggs in the nests of babblers. Highly vocal in summer; known as the “brainfever bird.”

Forest interiors / forest edges Feeds mainly on snakes, lizards, and frogs. Nests on tall trees with a platform-like stick nest. Often seen perched silently; emits a loud, distinctive whistle.

Woodlands / scrub / urban parks Fast, agile hunter; feeds on lizards, small birds, and rodents. Builds a small cup-shaped stick nest. Usually observed singly or in pairs; very adaptable to human-dominated landscapes.

Dry open country / farmlands / scrublands Feeds on insects, small reptiles, and rodents. Nests on trees, using a shallow stick platform. Often perched on exposed branches; known for its pale eyes and soft calls.